Youth Deviance Essay - 1376 Words

Deviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. This is an extremely broad definition, and depending on who is explaining it, the above definition can mean a variety of different things. Critically examine the theory of deviance with reference to young people and their membership in deviant subcultures or gangs. Deviance is associated with young people today and is rapidly on the increase within the street and school environment. Young deviants are engaging in gang membership and subcultures with a means of social belonging, social interest and ethnic identity. There are several sociological and subcultural theories which deem to explain deviance. Some of the theories are functionalist pretentious that criminal†¦show more content†¦The Chicago school on gangs urbanized the school into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that contribute to crime and deviance. The key focus is on juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts performed by juveniles, a juvenile is a young person. Theorists deem that if this precedent of criminal behaviour can be understood and controlled, it will break the transition from teenage offender into habitual criminal. Subcultural theorists argue that certain groups develop norms and values which are diverse from those held by other affiliates of society. Subcultural theories argue that deviance is the result of individuals conforming to the values and norms of the social group to which they belong. Their subculture allows them to commit certain acts which are seen as deviant. Albert K. Cohen agreed with this subcultural theory on deviance, where he believed that the development of subcultures is explained in terms of the position of groups or individuals in the social structure. Sociological theories on deviance diverge from biological and psychological theories that elucidate norm violation in terms of social notion, the development of theories of deviance reflect the socialShow MoreRelatedThe Quality Of A Person s Relationships With Their Parents And Their Peers Influence Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesof a person’s relationships with their parents and with their peers influence the extent to which that person engages in marijuana use? â€Å"Data for this study come from the [seventh wave of the] National Youth Survey (NYS). The NYS is a nationally representative, longitudinal survey of 1,725 U.S. youth between the ages of 11 and 17 at the time of the first interview in early 1977. Respondents were interviewed annually through 1981 (Waves 1-5) and then again in 1984 (Wave 6) and 1987 (Wave 7). By theRead MoreI Am A White, Cisgender, Colorado1007 Words   |  5 PagesGod and the teachings of the Bible. Where it is acceptable to display your emotion s in one setting it may not be acceptable in another. It is often questioned what determines deviance, or what norms are people complying to that determines what is deviant and what is not. I have noted that the norms that determine deviance change depending on the particular setting, but which person determines these norms? Is the person that is deemed the most powerful the one that establishes these norms? Such asRead MoreThe Seeds of Discouragement in Work with Young People1999 Words   |  8 PagesChild And Youth Assesment | March 28 2013 | | The Seeds of Discouragement in Work With Young People. | ORIGINALITY SCORE: 0% Table Of Contents. THE SEEDS OF DICOURAGEMENT IN WORK WITH YOUNG PEOPLE 3 What is assessment? 3 The four Ecological Hazards and it’s link to the Profiles in Discouragement 3 10 D’S of Deviance 5 The impact of positive personal theories of behavior 6 Impact on Assessment if the child or youth feels discouraged by an interaction with a CYCW 7 Conclusion:Read MoreCorrelation Between Tattoos and Risky Behavior Essay example3158 Words   |  13 PagesThis study will examine the correlation between deviance and tattoos. We hypothesize that there will be a correlation between the amount of tattoos one has and their participation in risky activities. We also hypothesis that people with tattoos, are more likely to engage in sexual activities with multiple partners. The next hypothesis will be that tattooed individuals are more likely to engage in drugs and alcohol usage. An online survey created by the authors will be used to score the participant’sRead MoreDeviance Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Theories Of Devaince Presented In There Are No Children Here The four theories of deviance are The Learning Theory, The Strain Theory, The Social-Bond Theory and the Labeling Theory. These theories alone can explain the reasoning behind someone’s deviant behavior. But, in There Are No Children Here we see all of these theories being demonstrated. This lets us have an understanding of exactly why we are seeing the deviant behavior that we are. This learning theory is basically the idea thatRead MoreThe Seeds of Discouragement2047 Words   |  9 Pagesduring their childhood years. This essay will seek to demonstrate how discouragement can be used positively by a child and youth care worker (CYCW) to try to help the youths they work with develop positively. It will discuss how CYCW behaviors encourage or discourage youths by addressing the four ecological hazards linked to the profiles of discouragement. The 10D’s of deviance will be explained and then it will further explain what the impact of personal theories of behavior can be. This paper willRead MorePostmodern Youth Culture2480 Words   |  10 PagesI am going to discuss contemporary youth culture, and how fashion and appearance are being used to communicate a certain identity. My main focus will be on trying to explain how they are characteristic for the post modern are and how they are distinct from â€Å"authentic† subcultures. Furthermore I will lo ok into the central role consumption have in post modern youth cultures. When discussing these different ideas, I have chose to look into two contemporary youth cultures; the hipster and the clubbersRead More Erica Carter - Young Women and their Relationship to Consumerism4438 Words   |  18 Pages She takes the youth subculture theorists to task for not recognizing this. In this case, she focuses on the female consumer in post-war (West) Germany (Gray and McGuigan, 1997, p. 92). Alice in the Consumer Wonderland 1. introduction Since the 1970s, theorists of youth subcultures in Britain have appropriated the notion of style from marketers of teenage fashion commodities to study oppositional subcultures in the post-war period. Many analysts of sub-cultural deviance and oppositionRead MoreCyber Deviance Among Adolescents And Adolescents1714 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Deviance among Adolescents Introduction The effect technology has had on communication has granted access to much of the youth to abuse the intimacy that they have now taken for granted. â€Å"Cyber Deviance† is an umbrella term that includes digital piracy, computer hacking, and sexting which is on the rise among adolescents (Udris, 2016). Examination of the theoretical structure toward explaining this type of behavior could possibly provide the public the genesis. Theoretical components emphasizingRead MoreWhat Causes Deviance And What Is The Definition Of Deviance859 Words   |  4 PagesIn the field of sociology there are various competing theories that attempt to determine what causes deviance and what is the definition of deviance. In an effort to explain why gang membership exists in today’s society, there is one theory that stands out from the rest: Sutherland’s differential association. Sutherland’s differential association theory explains deviant behavior as something that is â€Å" learned through associations† rather than solely based upon the community that one is fostered in

Wuthering Heights Nature Essay - 1556 Words

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte (1847) is a much darker depiction on love, nature, and even revenge than the tales by the other two Bronte sisters. A crucial role in the book is played primarily by the landscape throughout the novel, whether it be through the mystery of the moors or how each home represents a specific dichotomy. Areas categorized as elements of nature, civilization, or even the in-between play an integral role in the development of characters, who are also represented in those aspects, within the novel. Wuthering Heights itself is an embodiment of nature. First and foremost, it is isolated from civilization, being sheltered away by the dangerous moors in the winter. The house is illustrated as if it has endured the†¦show more content†¦He goes out of his way to destroy relationships, just as nature can alter to disrupt environments similarly. He is given animalistic attributes when described at different points in the novel. When he is young, he is given s ofter, yet foreshadowing, qualities, Nelly describing, â€Å"He was as uncomplaining as a lamb; though hardness, not gentleness, made him give little trouble (67).† As Heathcliff grows up subjected towards harmful forces within the household, he assimilates to them, emerging as savage and abusive towards others. Nelly depicts her interaction with him later on in the book, recounting, â€Å"He dashed his head against the knotted trunk; and, lifting up his eyes, howled, not like a man, but like a savage beast being groaded to death with knives and spears (175).† One is able to identify the role Wuthering Heights has played in Heathcliff’s character development, as if he has integrated into a part of his natural environment. Thrushcross Grange is depicted as a symbol for civilization. Catherine ends up marrying Edgar Linton, who inhabits the household with his sister Isabella Linton, who ends up wedding Heathcliff. Thrushcross Grange itself is across the moors from Wuthering Heights, rendering it closer to the rest of the town. Long before Catherine’s marriage to Edgar, when she is younger, she ends up abiding in Thrushcross Grange for five weeks. Nelly notes Catherine’s transformation that comes from staying in Thrushcross Grange for only aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Imagery of nature in Wuthering Heights1363 Words   |  6 PagesImagery of Nature Wuthering Heights is immensely filled with nature imagery. Mathison believes that Wuthering Heights is a â€Å"wild novel† because of its illustration of the wild nature (18). From the moors to the barren landscape, Bronte brings together these images to depict a dreary and desolate setting. Bronte also uses the elements of nature to convey characteristics of characters. Bronte uses the imagery of nature to reflect the personalities of the characters in Wuthering Heights. â€Å"’Wuthering’Read MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights 1. What techniques are used in the characterization of Heathcliff? Effects? Heathcliff is associated with evil and darkness from the beginning of the novel. I felt his black eyes withdraw so suspiciously under their brows. (1) When LockwoodRead MoreTheme Of Domestic Violence In Wuthering Heights1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « (1847), there are multiple genres, notably Gothic and Domestic. The usually very distinct genres of Domestic and Gothic are mixed together so well in the book that it makes it impossible to categorise it properly as only one or the other. Emily Rena-Dozier makes the claim that â€Å"Wuthering Heights†¦carefully breaks down [the] opposition between gothic and domestic [genres] by illustrating the ways in which the domestic is predicated on acts of violence† (760)Read MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 975 Words   |  4 Pagestwo main sources of imagery are nature and the supernatural. Using Wuthering Heights, write a well-developed essay that explores the symbolic asso ciations of storm and calm through the characters. â€Å"Wuthering heights†, a novel that explores different types of imagery: natural and supernatural. Along the storyline, the characters change and the reflections are noticed throughout with symbolic natural occurrences. In times of disarray and unrest, â€Å"Wuthering Heights† becomes symbolic in representingRead More How Emily Brontà « Fulfills the Expectations of the Gothic Genre815 Words   |  4 PagesHow Emily Brontà « Fulfills the Expectations of the Gothic Genre Within this essay I will examine the social and historical background of Emily Brontà «s upbringing, and the way her only novel, wuthering height, is related to the gothic genre. Emily Brontà « was brought up in a time very different from our own; she lived on secluded moors and without many of our modern day privileges, and became very close to her family. Many of her close family members died within her lifetime, affectingRead MoreCompare How Male Female Relationships in Two of the Following Emma, Wuthering Heights and Great Expectations-- Reflect the Mores and Values of Victorian Society1467 Words   |  6 PagesSuesann Sankar Individual Assignment: Critical Essay- Compare how male female relationships in two of the following Emma, Wuthering Heights and Great Expectations-- reflect the mores and values of Victorian society â€Å"The Victorian period formally begins in 1837 (the year Victoria became Queen) and ends in 1901 (the year of her death)† (Kirschen).  British novels such as Wuthering Heights and Emma reflect and uphold mores and values of the Victorian society. This is portrayed through the charactersRead MoreEssay on Wuthering Heights - Two Women, Two Sides of the Same Coin1270 Words   |  6 PagesJordan smith EGL120 Essay Student ID: 1051867 Word Count: â€Å"Identify and discuss various representations of woman in Wuthering Heights† The depictions of women in Wuthering Heights reveal that despair and happiness are direct outcomes of one’s decision to either be submissive to or oppose patriarchal constructs respectively. Catherine and Cathy II are portrayed as examples of both how giving power to patriarchal demands leads to misery and pain in contrast to how resisting patriarchalRead MoreWuthering Heights Alienism Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pageslife as they are drawn into the belief that having more possessions leads to greater social status. Marx references the idea that everyone has the goal of driving others to â€Å"economic ruin† (Marx, 170) which suggests that humans have an innate greedy nature. By comparing the â€Å"quantity of objects† (Marx, 170) to â€Å"an extension of the realm of the alien powers,† (Marx, 170), Marx’s language in using â€Å"alien power† (170) implies that human greed is supernatural and is imposed by forces outside of a person’sR ead MoreStructure and Narrative Technique in Wurthering Heights and Return of the Native1154 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough it was to be this novel which eventually underwent serious revision, `Wuthering Heights would have ultimately appeared as more baffling to Victorian readership. Here most of the action has passed before the novel begins, which causes a string of narrators to be used for various effect. We are rarely given differing viewpoints on the same event, and, combined with the almost anti-chronological nature of `Wuthering Heights, the story is often seen as difficult to interpret. The fact that BronteRead More Characters of Catherine and Heathcliff in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1610 Words   |  7 PagesThe Characters of Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚   Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights can be considered a Gothic romance or an essay on the human relationship. The reader may regard the novel as a serious study of human problems such as love and hate, or revenge and jealousy. One may even consider the novel Brontes personal interpretation of the universe. However, when all is said and done, Heathcliff and Catherine are the story. Their powerful presence permeates throughout

John Locke s Theory Of Religious Tolerance - 884 Words

John Locke, a 17th century English philosopher is remembered for his great contributions to three issues that was important during his time and still concerns us today. The three topics Locke covered during his lifetime was how to handle people with different religion, determining who should rule, and how to educate our children. Locke developed theories from the three topics because they played a central role in his life. Religion politics and education influence Locke s writing and because of his writing we have a foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism. Locke was born during the 20-year English Civil War. Due to the result in the death of Charles I, England reinvented themselves so that the church and the state will be combined. Locke did not agree that the government should rule over religion. He believed in freedom of belief. His theories of religious tolerance was written in Letters Concerning Toleration (1689–92) due to the aftermath of the European wars of religion, creating reasoning for religious tolerance. Three main arguments that was stated included (1) Earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints. (2) Even if they could, enforcing a single ‘True Religion’ will not work, because you can t be compelled in to believe through violence. (3) Coercing religious uniformity leads to far more social disorder than allowing diversity.Show MoreRelatedThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophy promoted the polish of the human intelligence and made education a longing that lasted in the following centuries. Names like John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and many more, contributed with their ideas about reasoning, religious tolerance, and human equality to the formation of human beings with a wide intellectual capacity that would participate in the future democratic processes in a rational and responsibly mannerRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Leonardo De Vinci s David957 Words   |  4 Pagesthe holes of the church lead the Age of Enlightenment to chisel and reshape the way of thinking into a work of art as triumphant as Leonardo De Vinci s David. The modernism movement was the final product of the age of enlightenment, the beginning of the abolished the core ideas of religion swaying away from Gods Light. Religious tolerance of the Roman Catholic Church was swaying as a boat would in a storm as wild as the controversies of the Church. With Government being choked by the rootsRead MorePsychology And The Human Soul998 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctioning. In the mid to late 1700s, the theory of cortical localization began to grow throughout the world of psychology. Therefore, it was understood that cortical localization is the function of different cerebral territories. In which, each serve a different purpose to the body; like vision and human language. This theory explains that each portion of the brain controls another portion of a person’s body. 4. Choose one area of disagreement between John Locke and Gottfried Leibniz. Give a briefRead MoreIs Religion Become An Outdated Policy?1614 Words   |  7 Pagesand now they have become the battleground for religious relativism. On one side you have the religious conservatives, and on the other, the secular progressives, these descriptions have become synonymous with their newly minted principles. Newly minted due to the recent rise of this divide that can be traced back to the rise of the evangelical â€Å"born again† christians and their rise to political relevancy and the combat that thus ensued between religious morality and social expectations. The relevantRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : John Locke And Rousseau s Separation Of Powers1235 Words   |  5 Pageshistory brought theories about scientific revolution, brought new ways of thinking amongst the people, and human reasoning brought questions of beliefs and ideas amongst society. The Enlightenment was a shift in time, a time where equality was to take stand, where people would be influenced to break away from their miseries. John Locke s natural rights, Voltaires religious tolerance, Montesquieu s separation of powers, Wollstonecraft s views on women s rights, Newtons scientific theories, and Rousseau’sRead MoreJohn Locke And The Locke Of The United States5485 Words   |  22 PagesFrom Aristotle to John Locke to Thomas Jefferson, the ideas of great philosophers influenced the foundations of the United States. When Jefferson began writing the Declaration of Independence, he wanted to make this new country based on the basic fundamentals. He wanted to base the country on what was considered the natural laws. Jefferson had many philosophical minds to ponder when writing the document, such as Aristotle and most importantly John Locke. The writings of John Locke were basic in theRead MoreThe Enlightenment Ideas Of The American Revolution1423 Words   |  6 PagesRevolution People in America were mad and broke. The colonies did not like the idea of paying high taxes to the King of England. In order to show their rage and anger, they did it by not paying taxes. The King of England was frustrated by the colonist s action and send an army to the Americas to sort this problem out. However, the people of America wanted to be free from England, so with the help of the Enlightenment thinkers and the philosophers, they started an attack to the English soldiers. ThatRead MoreHistorical Steps Toward Religious Liberty824 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup. The colony then belongs to the proprietor(s). Royal: The king owns the colony. Though religious freedom is often cited as the reason for people migrating from England to America, it is too simplistic. It is more accurate to say that religious groups came for their own security, but were not committed to equal religious liberty for all. Religious freedom and tolerance developed over time. Here are some of the important steps toward religious liberty: The establishment of Rhode Island asRead MoreThe Rights Of The Civil War1848 Words   |  8 PagesCarta prevented the â€Å"tyrannical monarch- King John. W† from abusing his powers (Synan). Feeling threatened by John’s powers, Englishmen formed a regulation known as Habeas Corpus, which would protect themselves from unjust persecutions. Habeas Corpus allows the accused a right to a trial before prosecution. Englishmen were finally taking a stand for their freedom when they created this law. Habeas Corpus could be seen as the first sign of democracy s formation (Synan). Still, Habeas Corpus constitutesRead MoreThe Enigma Of Russian Identity Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pages Russian identity is an enigma. From the scattered city-states of Kievan Rus to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty, the history of Russia has been defined by various narratives. These narratives come from multiple ethnic groups, religious groups, writers, and leaders, which can be illustrated as the puzzle pieces that construct the enigma of Russian identity. Throughout the history of Russia there too has been a push to centralize Russian identity through the principle of Russification. Furthermore

Western Imperialism Essay - 522 Words

Western Imperialism Beginning in 1880, there was a growing desire for European countries to expand and control their rule. The only continent at that time that was left uncontrolled and, in the Europeans eyes uncivilized, was Africa. This was the start of Western Imperialism. All European countries wanted their piece of Africa and to get it, they would let nothing stand in their way. They would change the entire government, religion, market, and behavior of most of the African nation and affect almost every person living there. An account of the impact of Imperialism is given in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart. This book shows the changes that occurred in Africa during Imperialism and its affect on the community and the people†¦show more content†¦In Things Fall Apart there is a good example of this. The tribe of the main character Okonkwo has a polytheistic religion that they have followed for as long as they can remember. When the Europeans get there they build a church and the missi onaries that came get many of the people to convert to Christianity. Okonkwo is one of the few who sticks to the traditional view and keeps his original religion. This changing of religion was a very important event that occurred in Africa but another important result of Imperialism in Africa was a change in Government. When the Europeans got to Africa they brought with them their governments and enforced them as if they were the new governments of the Africans. Most African tribes had their own government system that they had developed over time. When the Europeans settled in Africa they totally dismissed these government and inflicted their own government on these people. In Things Fall Apart, the elders of the village make the laws, which the people live by. They also have a ritual called the Egwugwu in which the leaders of the village dress up as Gods and give laws and direction to the villagers. When the Europeans get there they dismiss the laws the elders have made and live under their own government. At one point a villager influenced by a European leader unmasks the leaders during Egwugwu, which in their society is totally unacceptable. As more and more control was turnedShow MoreRelatedWestern Imperialism Influence on African Culture1132 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 2013 Impact of Western Imperialism on the African Community Western imperialism, though it has its good qualities, essentially led to the breakdown and ending of the African community. Their religion, new language, and political knowledge and power make it impossible for both communities to exist together. The most apparent form of cultural imperialism from the West in Things Fall Apart are the differences in the law making systems of the village and the western missionaries. In chapterRead MoreCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific3853 Words   |  16 PagesCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as theRead MoreGlobalization: Western Imperialism by Another Name Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesengulfment is known as imperialism. But is this the same as globalisation? There are many similarities between globalisation and imperialism. Firstly, the basic aim of globalisation, for a firm or nation, is to invest and gain a profit, and although early imperialism may have involved elements of discovery and territorial power, turning the resources of the oppressed nation into money became the key motive. On this level globalisation and imperialism seem very alike. Read MoreThe Western Culture : Cultural Imperialism1169 Words   |  5 Pageslacked economic standing in what came to be viewed later as cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism involves slow changes in the way people in the less economically standing countries view things around them. It also involves how people live their daily lives as manifested in today’s world of popular culture. The Western culture greatly influences many ideas, perspectives, and attitudes of people in the world. Even in the Western world itself the way that people live, and their views and activitiesRead MoreImpact Of Western Imperialism On China And Japan1652 Words   |  7 PagesWestern incursion into China and Japan is a key factor as to how these countries developed economically and socially. While China and Japan were trying to get on their feet and figure out the standards in which to run their countries, the West was escalating in both power and ambitions. The escalation meant growth in European fire arm power which allowed the European countries to make their way into China and Japan without China and Japan being able to stop them because they wer e not as strong atRead MoreCultural Imperialism : Western And Chinese Society1845 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"It is through cultural imperialism that Western nations are able to dominate the media †¦ allowing Western views to destroy their native cultures.† (Schiller, H. 1973) Western cultures are notorious for their domination over other cultures, exerting this power through the media. The front cover of India’s Elle magazine (March 2013) and McDonald’s 2012 Manly Man Beef advertisement in Beijing, are both texts that display the prominent influences of cultural imperialism in practice. This essay seeksRead MoreHow Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesHow Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefsRead MoreThe Spread of Western Imperialism991 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1853, Western imperialism was at its height. It was spreading to several countries. The British colonized India, the Dutch colonized Indonesia, the United States colonized the Philippines, and the French colonized Vietnam. In 1929, the crash of the stock market brought a worldwide depression, known as the Great Depression. The depression caused instability in many countries. International commerce declined and tax revenues, profits, and personal income decreased. The Great Depression especiallyRead MoreThe History Of Western Imperialism1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of Western imperialism is one of exploitation and decimation of people, their cultures and their resources for the benefit of the Empires. All across the world, the erstwhile colonies have suffered massive loss of culture through the oppression in the form of assimilation of indigenous p eople, of resources like silver in Latin America, along with re-appropriation of their spaces to accommodate the presence of the white settlers, North America being a prime example. In today’s post-colonialRead MoreThe Holocaust And Western Imperialism And The Holocaust1271 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocities. This has to be done since normal individuals cannot justify to themselves that they are immoral. Both western imperialism and the Holocaust had their atrocities justified by the illusion of progress. Even though numerous millions of people were slaughtered in these campaigns, many of the people doing the killing, believed that it was for the greater good. Western imperialism used the notion of bettering the native population and expansion in order to justify their mass killings. On the

Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme. Answer: Introduction The Idea of developing PBS in Australia began in1944though it was rejected by the court. It began its main operations in1948. It was restricted to offering free medication to the pensioners and around one hundred and thirty-nine vaccines as well as lifesaving medicines to the entire public. It became very strong when it was first established under the law in1953 under the national health act and it is one of the major aspects of the national medicine policy. In 1960 PBS was made an all-encompassing scheme allowing access to a good range of different medicines in Australia. By 2014 the pharmaceutical benefits scheme had registered and subsidized more than two hundred and eleven million prescriptions. The medicines are approximated to have cost the government of Australia more than nine billion dollars. This amount is about twenty-one percent of the total health expenditure. Van Boeckel, et al 2014). The advisory committee of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme is obligated to assess all the medication and then recommend which should be listed by the PBS and which should not. The committee was set up by the government but not part of the PBS. The committee also recommends which drugs should be withdrawn from the PBS list in case there are any safety concerns. (Gleeson, et al 2015). The medication must be listed with the Australian therapeutic good register before they are accepted for listing in the pharmaceutical benefits scheme. The medication companies must apply for the listing of the drugs with the therapeutic goods administration. Clinical trials evidence is a requirement and must, therefore, be provided in order to ensure the health safety of the patient who may use the drugs. The medication must attain the set quality standards and must be cost-effective compared to all other types of medicine offered in the market. (Walkom, et al 2013). According to the national health act, the pharmacist must be approved to dispense medicine from particular pharmacies. The government pays a portion of the cost to the pharmacist and the patient are charged the remaining amount. Under the PBS, the amount of money that a patient is supposed to pay towards the medication cost of the pharmacies are set to protect the public. In 2015 a maximum of 37.70 dollars was paid by the pensioners, while the cohesion patients paid an average of 6.10dollars per prescription. (Schaffer, et al 2015). According to the national health act, the pharmacist must be approved to dispense medicine from particular pharmacies. The government pays a portion of the cost to the pharmacist and the patient are charged the remaining amount. Under the PBS, the amount of money that a patient is supposed to pay towards the medication cost of the pharmacies are set to protect the public. In 2015 a maximum of 37.70 dollars was paid by the pensioners, while the cohesion pa tients paid an average of 6.10dollars per prescription. (Schaffer, et al 2015). Consumption rates for medicine Australia is ranked as one of the greatest consumer of medicine though it has one of the biggest life expectancies the country has some challenges of diseases like cancer, coronary heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, kidney diseases, respiratory diseases dementia, incontinence and so many others that are among the leading causes of deaths in Australia. A report of 2014 from the NHS revealed that around 1,2 million people were diagnosed with diabetes, an average of 11 million cases of chronic conditions such as cancer, arthritis, and asthma were reported in the same year 11 million cases of obesity were also noted among the people aged 188 and above. This is about 63%of the adult population in the country. This kind of statistics has forced the government to invest a lot in medication making them be among the biggest users of medication. The Australian government has also set up a safety net scheme to ensure that the citizens who may be having high medications needs are well protected. In 2015 if a patient or the close family had spent around 1453.90 dollars on the PBS prescription, the remaining part of the year cost the 6.10 per prescription. After the pensioners and other cohesion patients who own a card reached the net threshold of 366 dollars expenditure index. (Karanges, et al 2016) A national medication policy was set by the government of Australia to put formulate a good framework of improving the health standards in the country.it improves the outcomes of health by ensuring that the Australians access and use the right medication for the various health-related problems. The main aim of the policy is to meet needs of health care services and medication as well as the economic objectives. (Mellish, et al 2015). Cost of medicine consumption The government of Australia together with the territory and state government to share the responsibilities and roles in the healthcare system. The public health centre is controlled and funded by the Australian government. There are also private sectors owned by private sectors but are licensed and controlled by the government health laws. The health cost in Australia in 2013- 2014 Australian health budget was approximate to be $155 billion, which is equivalent to 9.8% of gross domestic income product. This was compared with the previous year's budget of $150 billion. Among the $155 billion health budget, $59 million was spent on the hospital in Australia. This health expenditure in the Australian healthcare system on hospitals was constant for over the previous 10 years at about 40% (Dobbin, 2014). The cost of pharmaceutical via the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS) included the primary healthcare group which was $10.1 billion in the 2013- 2014 health budget. The Australian government contributed $105 billion which was equivalent to 68% of the total expenditure in the year 2013- 2014 health budget. This shows that the Australian government contributes a large amount of fund in the medical services. The state and territory government of Australia provides most of the funds in the community health services, which is estimated to be $6.2 billion. The total expenditure contributed by non- government sectors in 2013- 2014 was approximately $billion which was nearly 18% of the health budget. Most the funds for non- subsidized medicines for example medication offered over the counter, under co-payment medicines and private prescription came from individuals which were about $ 9.0 billion in the year 2015 the rate of healthcare expenditure increased by 1.75% according to the report from the department of health. (Lai, et al 2013). The significant increase rate was as a result of the introduction of new generic medicines which influenced the negotiable prices of the pharmaceutical drugs through the listing of the generic medicines in (PBS) and also availing them to the market. The decrease in the health cost did not reflect inadequate services as the number of subsidized drugs distributed during this period had risen from 2008 million in 2012 to 223 million in 2013. The changes that occurred in the private health sector insurance rebated the share of funds that was were provided by Australian government through reduction scheme. These changes lead to the increased proportion of cost from private health insurers from 7.4% in 2012 to 8.3% 1n 2013. (Blanch, et al 2014). There is private health insurance available for individuals who wish to cover the cost of hospital admission bills as the private patient or for covering other subordinate health services. In 2015, 11.3 million Australian people which were 47% of the total population had been insured with private patient hospital cover and around 13.4 million that is 56% had applied for general treatment cover. Through Medicare system, the Australian government covered a portion of hospital admission bills for the private patient. (Stephenson, et al2013). The government intervention strategies within the healthcare system of Australia in both public and the private patient is the main reason for the standardization of the medical cost in Australia. In addition, the Australian government together with the state and territory government roles in the healthcare system has contributed to the ease of healthcare in Australian people. The overall health sector in Australian which is collectively called the Health Council is responsible for providing a forum of health services through cooperation and regulation on primary and secondary healthcare issues and in considering the increase in cost pressure. The drug utilization in Australia can be used to monitor the impact of pharmacy economy. Golley, et al 2015). Types of medicine consumed Both prescription and non- prescription forms of medication are common in Australian healthcare system. The prescribed forms of medication require medical or doctor's instructions and advice. These prescribed forms of medication include pain relievers, heart problems and blood pressure medication. On the other hand, the non- prescribed do not need proceedings from medical professional prescription or advice, they include vitamins, minerals and herbal medication. These types of medication do elude government rebate. The drug prescription is dispensed under government subsidization schemes or as private prescription these schemes include; Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). When a new medicine is discovered in Australia, it must then get approved for market distribution by the company according to the rules of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989. The company then had the drug included on the PBS. The table A below shows examples of me dicine that have been commonly used in Australia in 2015 and over the previous years. These drugs included the subsidized prescription count of the top 10 drugs distributed in the Australian community. (Cooter, Pickstone, 2013). Table A. the top 10 drugs by prescription counts, 2015. Drug PBS/RPBS Under co-payment Total ATORVASTATIN 7,634,687 2,922,825 10,557,512 ROSUVASTATIN 6,667,654 2,764,678 9,432,332 ESOMEPRAZOLE 7,184,175 1,684.090 9,868,265 PARACETAMOL 7,003,988 361,643 7,365,631 PANTOPRAZOLE 4,618,171 1,738,738 6,365,909 PERINDOPRIL 4,005,504 2,114,337 6,119,841 AMOXCILLIN 2,377,339 3,487,319 5,864,658 CEFALEXIN METFORMIN 2,851,477 2,753,113 5,604,590 HYDROCHLORIDE AMOXYCLLIN 3,570,613 1,585,270 5,155,883 CLAVULANIC ACID 2,256,829 2,810,399 5,067,228 The data extracted from medicine Australia website. Conclusion There is a need for reset and implementation of new laws and strategies within the healthcare system in Australia to ensure in the regulation of cost, products and services. These health strategies and laws will help in solving some of the few challenges faced by the manufactures, marketing and distributing organizations in the healthcare system. One of the challenges faced by the PBS is that some of their products are restricted and require preauthorization over medical registration. PBS experiences problems in the fields of price renegotiations. It has weakness in terms of efficiency in the post-market surveillance. Challenges arise when there are weaknesses in incentives in the manufacturer's line of pricing agreement this may result in the production of poor quality medicines. The patient's co-payment also brings a negative impact on equity and efficiency of PBS. Lack of standardized cost-effectiveness according to the government regulation policy on PBS. The studies that are spo nsored by some pharmaceutical producers may give report result that favours their sponsors more than research supported by the other sources. The introduction of new generic medicines to the market also becomes a challenge among the manufactures as it alters price levels. References Blanch, B., Pearson, S. A., Haber, P. S. (2014). An overview of the patterns of prescription opioid use, costs and related harms in Australia. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 78(5), 1159-1166.Cooter, R., Pickstone, J. (Eds.). (2013). Companion encyclopedia of medicine in the twentieth century. Routledge. Dobbin, M. (2014). Pharmaceutical drug misuse in Australia. Australian Prescriber, 37(3), 79-81. Gleeson, D. H., Moir, H., Lopert, R. (2015). Costs to Australian taxpayers of pharmaceutical monopolies and proposals to extend them in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. The Medical Journal of Australia, 202(6), 306-308. Golley, S., Corsini, N., Topping, D., Morell, M., Mohr, P. (2015). Motivations for avoiding wheat consumption in Australia: results from a population survey. Public Health Nutrition, 18(3), 490-499. Karanges, E. A., Blanch, B., Buckley, N. A., Pearson, S. A. (2016). Twenty?five years of prescription opioid use in Australia: a whole?of?population analysis using pharmaceutical claims. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 82(1), 255-267. Lai, F. Y., Bruno, R., Hall, W., Gartner, C., Ort, C., Kirkbride, P., ... Mueller, J. F. (2013). Profiles of illicit drug use during annual key holiday and control periods in Australia: wastewater analysis in an urban, a semi?rural and a vacation area. Addiction, 108(3), 556-565. Mellish, L., Karanges, E. A., Litchfield, M. J., Schaffer, A. L., Blanch, B., Daniels, B. J., ... Pearson, S. A. (2015). The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data collection: a practical guide for researchers. BMC research notes, 8(1), 634. Schaffer, A. L., Buckley, N. A., Dobbins, T. A., Banks, E., Pearson, S. A. (2015). The crux of the matter: did the ABC's Catalyst program change statin use in Australia?. The Medical Journal of Australia, 202(11), 591-594. Stephenson, C. P., Karanges, E., McGregor, I. S. (2013). Trends in the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2000 to 2011. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 74-87. Van Boeckel, T. P., Gandra, S., Ashok, A., Caudron, Q., Grenfell, B. T., Levin, S. A., Laxminarayan, R. (2014). Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14(8), 742-750. Walkom, E. J., Loxton, D., Robertson, J. (2013). Costs of medicines and health care: a concern for Australian women across the ages. BMC health services research, 13(1), 484.

Presidential depate Essay Example For Students

Presidential depate Essay Another four years another presidential debate. Before I go on to the current debates let me state a few facts about past ones. The Lincoln and Douglas debate was in important because it started Lincoln presidential career. The Debates lasted from August 21 – October 15. There where seven of them, with two days to two weeks in between. Each debate lasted three hours; first candidate spoke for one hour; the second for one and a half hours; the first replying for a half hour. Candidates alternated going first. The topics involved where primarily slavery and the Union. Other important debates were the ’48 and ’57. They were the only debates before 1960; there were no presidential debates between 1960 and 1976. In 1960 the presidential debate was between President Kennedy and President Nixon. The topic was domestic issues. Over 66.4 million people either heard or watch the debates. 1992 was President Clinton’s first presidential debate. With over 62.4 million people watching President Clinton, President Bush and Ross Perot debated with the rules being, no opening statements; each candidate questioned in turn with two minutes to respond; one minute rebuttal by other candidates; two minute closing statements. (http://www.debates.org/pages/debhis.html)Enough of ancient history lets get back to today’s debates. In the rest of the essay I will explain what issues interest me and why. Also, I will explain my opinion on the issues I choose and why I chose that statement. The first issue I would like to address is on education. This issue was chosen for me. The moderator in the first debate asked the candidates â€Å"Both of you have promised dramatically to change – to change dramatically public education in the country. Of the public money spent on education, only 6% of that id federal money. You want to change 100% of the public education on 6% of the money, is it possible to change it?†(Jim Lehrer) Bush stated that he wa nts more charter schools because they produce students of a high caliber. â€Å"It’s a school of strong discipline a high standards. It’s one of the best schools in Houston.† â€Å"That’s my vision for public education all around America.†(Governor Bush) Bush also wants to change Head Start to a reading program and also he wants people to access reading money if they want to. Bush wants more kids to learn how to read and have more teach-for-the-children type teachers. Bush only cares for the children. Gore on the other hand agrees with only a couple of things that Bush stated. He strongly supports accountability; he also supports local control. Bush and Gore agree on both. Gore thinks every teacher should be tested including in the subjects that they teach. He also thinks that 100,000 new teachers should be recruited to reduce class size. The main reason for that is because a man gave him a letter from his daughter. The girl is the 36th student in her class; the picture attached showed that there was no room for one desk so she had to stand. He also wants to make college tax deductible (up to $10,000 a year). I believe that both of the candidates have very good points on education, they were to combine there ideas they would come up with a very good education plan. I like college being tax deductible and I also like the 100,000 more teachers for to reduce class size. However, when Gore said that he wanted more teachers, I have one question, where are you going to put all those teachers? Put two teachers in one classroom? Build more schools? Who will pay for all this?The other issue I would like to discuss is the legalization of the RU-486 drug. It is an abortion pill. The FDA approved just recently but it took them 12 years just to study it. It is available in Europe and China. Governor Bush says, â€Å"I don’t think a president can unilaterally overturn it. The FDA has made its decision.†(Governor Bush) After that the Governor states that he is pro-life. He also wants to increase the quality of life. How is life going to be better for an unwanted child? Vice-President Al Go re on the other hand is pro-choice, which I agree more to. Pro-choice gives a woman the decision whether to abort the pregnancy or whether to go on with it. .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .postImageUrl , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:hover , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:visited , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:active { border:0!important; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:active , .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738 .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f6d902a3bb8bd7a550023ea42e96738:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis EssayI would most likely vote for the underdog, Charles Nader. His issues are the ones that agree with me. If I were torn between Gore and Bush I would vote for Gore because he has more political experience and better plans for the economy, government, and budget.Bibliography:

Business Meeting Etiquettes in Japan

Question: Describe about the Business Meeting Etiquettes in Japan? Answer: The Japanese business meetings etiquettes form the most quint essential base to nail a business deal in Japan. There are various greeting rituals and types of non-verbal communications considered as very essential gestures. Japanese are very sensitive towards these gestures. The basic gestures that must be followed in the meeting of Sandwich blitz are taking prior appointments much before the meeting. Once the meeting is fixed, the delegates should present their business cards with two hands. The business card written on both the sides is mostly preferred, written in both English and Japanese. The business attire should be taken care of (Japanventure.com, 2015). The men should be dressed in dark shades. Personal habits are also very noticeable in Japanese meetings. The non-verbal communication may include the bowing (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2015). It is mandatory to greet one another by bowing amongst the Japanese, however they are slight liberal when it comes to foreigners but it`s be tter to bend a slight. Things to know prior the meeting: Dalman and Lei should know all the information regarding Sandwich Blitz and Lei as lack of adequate information may led to inconvenience. All the papers should be ready prior the meeting, as delay is considered as a negative attitude. Apart from non-verbal communication and other gestures, the body language of the client is to be very appropriate. Hence, the business decisions are influenced a lot by the gestures of the clients during Japanese meetings (Hussain, 2010). References Hussain, S. (2010).Business etiquettes. Jaipur: Yking Books. Japanventure.com,. (2015). Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.japanventure.com Kwintessential.co.uk,. (2015).Japan - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette | global-etiquette | resources. Retrieved 5 February 2015, from https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/japan-country-profiles.html

Use These 3 Ingredients For the Sweetest Bite Sized Blog Post

Okay. You just finished your epic blog post and hit SUBMIT. Now you tweet it, share it on LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google+, Facebook and wait. Nothing. No one is biting. Why is no one is talking about your post? I mean youve spent time figuring out what to call your blog post, used examples to improve your content, used an awesome photo and even linked to other sites and old posts of yours. If youre one of many who started a blog and is wondering why no one wants a taste of your content, maybe you are missing some key ingredients that will make it sticky and sweet for your readers. Find out what the 3 ingredients are to turn your bland blog post into the sweetest blog post that every reader cant resist. 1. Break Me Off a Piece of That Paragraph One of the biggest mistakes new writers make is blogging like they are writing a paper for their college professor. Growing up, we learned that a proper paragraph is 5-6 sentences and that it should always include a topical sentence on what you will be writing. If you write like this on your blog, dont expect your readers to stick around. Only 16% of readers actually read word for word. That means 84% of your readers only scan your entire blog post that you so painstakingly poured over for hours. To gain more readers, make it easy for them to scan by using these bite sized tips: Break up your paragraphs throughout your blog post. Make a break after 2-3 sentences. Mix up your paragraph lengths and sometimes stick a 1 sentence paragraph in your post. To break up your writing, try to include bullets and  numbered lists (do you notice  how I did this with my blog post? If I were to just make these into sentences my post would seem long and boring to read). Use attractive headings in your blog. Brian Clark, the owner of Copyblogger, wrote to make your scanners into readers, you need to lure them into reading the next sentence. You can do this effectively by using headings that will highlight the benefit of what they will be reading next. 2. Excuse Me While I Nibble On Your Words Your blog post can have the most profound piece of information that everyone needs to read, but no one is reading it because of how its written. You dont understand because you made sure to edit for spelling, grammar, length, and redundancies. No matter how long you spend checking over your blog post, you could be missing simple things to make your readers want to nibble away at what you wrote. Take a look  to see if you are using these extra toppings   to enhance your blog post. Deliciously Decorate Your Blog With Bold Text When you bold key words or phrases, it helps draw the eye to important information in your blog post. It also helps the 84% of readers who scan by giving them the most important information in headings and bold text. If you are a scanner, youre probably only reading the headings and nothing more. At least with bold phrases, you can be alerted to informative content. Cut Away Clichà ©s to Make Room for Metaphors What are clichà ©s? They are sayings that automatically come to your head when you are writing and usually appear when you cant think of anything else to say. They bore us because weve heard them used too many times, but as a writer, it can sometimes be hard to think of original content and you may not even know youre using them. Here are 10 clichà ©s to avoid: Begs the question At the end of the day Moving forward As Im sure you know Been there, done that Busy as a bee A little late in the game A twinkle in (his,her) eye Moral of the story I couldnt care less If you want your readers grabbing for more of your writing, try using metaphors instead. Metaphors use parallel ideas to help get your topic better understood. They are often used for complicated ideas or as a way to spin an old idea in a new way. Lets use my blog post as an example. My overall idea, how to write a blog post, is an old topic that has been written about and spun many ways. I focused on making your blog post memorable and sharable. From  there,  I  wanted to use a  metaphor to give this old topic a fresh perspective. I decided to use food  as a way to  describe how to write a memorable blog post. Make It A Simple Dish To Read There are many topics you can write about but if youre using technical jargon and big words, you may be losing readers. Its important to know your audience before you begin to write your post. If you are writing about the latest fashion trends then using college level writing wont attract the right audience. Similarly, if your blog is about mental health issues in women, using slang would be inappropriate  for your reader base. Generally, keep your blog simple and if you need to write about something more technical, you can always use metaphors! 3. Tear Me A Piece of Your Sticky Content Everyone who is a blogger wants some sticky content. Its a post that gets shared on multiple social platforms and gets readers to keep coming back for more of what you are serving. How can you make your blog post oh so sweet and sticky? Provide Helpful Content If all you write about is how your cat spends his days with you, people wont be interested. They arent learning anything new from your blog posts. When you solve problems and present new ideas or old ideas in a new way, readers will get value out of your blog. Always think, how can I add something new for my readers that they will learn from? Engage With Your Readers Darren Rowse, owner of Problogger, wrote about his wifes new website and was pleasantly surprised by how she was able to gain a following. She did this by starting a conversation with her readers. She always: Answered any comments left on her blog or social media accounts. This lets her readers know she heard them and that she values their input. Always ends her blog post with a call to action. Its a question or action plan for your readers. It invites a conversation and is considered good blogging etiquette. Another way to make your blog posts engaging to your readers is by being personal. As a freelance writer, I want other new freelance writers to learn from my content, but also a little more about who I am and why I chose this profession. Thats why on my blog I write about myself and my career along with how to improve your writing. Interested in becoming a freelance writer? My course Write Your Way to Your First $1k goes into great detail about blog writing and formatting your posts for your clients. Wow your clients and enroll in my course today! Is there any more bite sized tips I have forgotten? Are you using these 3 ingredients for better blogging?   Which ingredient do you use the most and which one is the most effective in gaining readership? Please share your answers in the comments!